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9. OTHER RESTRICTIONS ON THE CONTENT OF INFORMATION

Article 11 of the Code of the Minor establishes protection to minors with respect to information when it states: ?The actions of the judges shall be reserved, as well as those of the technical and administrative organizations. The pertinent judges shall order the sworn declarations. When publishing or broadcasting news that involve minors, the media may not identify them either by name or by photograph, unless expressly determined by the competent authority, and in any case must watch over the interests of the minor.? 96

Article 2: ?The secrecy referred to in Article 11 of the Code of the Minor is intended to protect the dignity of the minor and to avoid stigma. The communcation media shall expressly request permission from the judge who knows of the case before making any disclosures.? 97

In accordance with Article 239 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the judges may ?authorize the press or radio or television broadcasting companies to install in the courtroom, equipment for photographing, recording or filming, speakers and other equipment, provided that they do not interfere with the development of the case and that they do not affect the decorum of the court nor of the parties.? 98

In accordance with Electoral Law No. 12,146 of July 5, 1991, and Reform Law No. 1453 of February 15, 1993, the political parties, fronts and coalitions or persons that contract political advertising shall be responsible for its content. 99 In addition, the owners, directors or managers of printing shops, communication media, movie theaters or advertising companies are liable for permitting anonymous political advertising or publicity in which a person or entity may be aggrieved, offended or slandered.

Article 102 states that electoral advertising shall be limited, per party or political alliance, to no more than four (4) pages weekly per newspaper of national or departmental circulation; and to fifteen (15) minutes daily of radio broadcasting in each national, departmental and local station. 100

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